A photon travelling in space encounters zones with different gravity. It is well known from the lense effect that big masses change the path of light a little bit. Therefore Einstein's vision that the speed of photons is constant cannot be accepted as true. The general theory of relativity has such constancy as base; it must be regarded false.
A photon transports energy and because of the relation between energy and mass then the distribution of the latter in the universe will be adjusted. This process requires energy and if not delivered from outside the photon itself has to provide. Which may result in some redshift. Accordingly the time scale of the universe is to be corrected.
Do not talk anymore of trains through tunnels with alsmost the speed of light or about twins of which one is sent into space. Modern vision is that since Creation everywhere a same amount of time has passed, but clocks differ in registration in agreement with local gravitation. In other words the speed of physical processes depends on the varying g.
It is Vasily Yanchilin who gave best information in his book The Quantum Theory of Gravitation (2003) on the failure of the general theory of relativity. The special one stays valid if there is a relation between g and c, which both are scalars and in al directions the same, but only at a certain time and a certain place. This Russian scientist proposes to interprete gravity as a pure quantum mechanical process: With the Heisenberg hypothesis as valid base in the half of a particle nearest to an external mass there will be less quantum mechanical jumps to the farthest half than the other way. Net result is movement of the particle towards the external mass. Read in the book more about redshift of sunlight and how the devil interferes to misguid theorists.
An actual problem is how to adjust atomic clocks running according local gravity. The difference in satelites and Earth is too small for measurement. So mathematical analysis is required. The GPS is not substantially affected and economically research is not rewarding presently. But a good article will be welcomed by the Nobel committee.
Together with constancy of light speed present view of a Big Bang may disappear. For Creator God -residing in His heaven that is of substance not reacting with by us known elements- it may have been more easy to start with kind of a field than to prop all into a point. A point is a mathematical concept and does not exist in Nature because it has no dimensions. Black holes might be remnants or new formings of what was before the universe became transparent. Happily the photograph of a black hole just had an opening in the surrounding hot sphere to let us see the thing: something black, nothing to see.
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