speed of the second

           NIST,

                  Summary:  Does an atomic clock tick slower at sea level than on a mountain? dE of a photon in a gravitational field includes change of internal energy and thus is twice that of what generally is considered (omitting that internal energy) at a particle because the difference in importance. The second is related to frequency, to dE of a photon. So an observer at the foot of the mountain reads say 99 ticks on the atomic clock while there 102 parts of a second pass compared to the watch of the observer at the top. This means that more than a hundred ticks occur at the foot in a second of the upper observer. However there is no possibility to compare durations of the watches at different height above Earth mass. This resulted in misunderstanding with slower second near mass while in reality time there goes faster and the atomic clock confirms when that dE is taken in consideration.

            In the Canadian Journal of Pure and Applied Science, june 2018, Vasily Yanchilin refers to his book The Quantum Theory of Gravitation (2003) -see pages 60, 203- in which he explained that change in a photon's energy in a gravitational field involves also variation of internal energy and therefore is double compared to that commonly noticed at a particle like an atom in a clock. Already on his site top-formula.net (2017) he proposes to measure with counting apparatus whether there will be more ticks -during a period long enough for measuring- of an atomic clock at the foot or on top of a tower (or at sealevel / astronomical observatory p.e. on Tenerife to get quicker results). This differs from measurements often done with atomic clocks that gave a result which was interpreted as confirming the general theory of relativity with slowing down of time near mass. Which by the way opposes fast processes in the young very concentrated universe and is not in agreement with a photon passing a mass: obeying the principle of least action it seeks a route with as big steps (oscillations of lower frequency) as possible and a minimum of these. Observed is a path not close to the mass but through a more distant zone where time runs slower!

We may accept that the locally observed frequency of an atomic clock is lower near mass than p.e. in a plane, but...... if the second there is speedier then the result of Yanchilin's experiment with counting the numbers of ticks down and up during a certain period may confirm his theory. To understand well: The observer at the foot of the tower measures less ticks in a second on his watch at the foot of the tower than another observer at the top of the tower because down the second runs very fast. Now the latter has to be explained and see for this Yanchilin's remarks and maths: It seems a factor two is important for solving the problem. Going up from the foot of the tower a photon with its in 1919 not noticed internal energy happens to get a change which as energy is involved can be related to time that is connected to electrons emitting photons; to which definition of the second is coupled. Have a try to describe properly.

The kilogram was based recently on constancy of the Planck, which varies according the russian scientist. That invariation of the Planck comes from the general theory of relativity, which should be checked with the counting instruments at foot and on top of tower or mountain suggested by Vasily Yanchilin. If NIST or other researchers proceed on this the above notition undoubtedly will be improved too.